The staring array is a photo-voltaic device where the incident photons stimulate electrons and are stored, pixel by pixel, in readout integrated circuits attached at the rear of the detector. During the Battle of Debecka Pass, a platoon of US special forces soldiers equipped with Javelins destroyed two T-55 tanks, eight armored personnel carriers, and four troop trucks. The command launch unit Javelin Missile The Javelin Launcher only supports one type of missile. It shows what areas would be destroyed if a nuclear bomb was dropped in London. The new Lightweight CLU is estimated at $514,000. The weapon system is deployed with more than 40 international armed forces and integrated on more than 15,000 ground, vehicle and helicopter platforms. In 1983, the United States Army introduced its AAWS-M (Advanced Anti-Tank Weapon SystemMedium) requirement and, in 1985, the AAWS-M was approved for development. The gunner carries a reusable command launch unit (CLU, pronounced "clue"), which is the targeting component of the two-part system. It has a life span of 30 years. In February 2016, a picture of Kurdish forces in Syria operating a Javelin was posted on social media.37 In August 2017, Iraqi security forces captured a Javelin missile and launcher from ISIS fighters near Tal Afar.38, In June 2019, Libyan government fighters seized four Javelin antitank missiles from the Libyan National Army led by General Khalifa Hifter.39 These missiles were originally sold to the UAE, which has supported the LNA with weapons and money. These included: 1) getting operational testers involved early in development; 2) use of modeling and simulation; 3) integrating development and operational testing; 4) combining testing and training; and 5) applying concepts to demos and acquisitions. Javelin, has become a popular symbol of Ukrainian resistance. Missile Threat brings together a wide range of information and analyses relating to the proliferation of cruise and ballistic missiles around the world and the air and missile defense systems designed to defeat them. Romesha explained that Russian T-72 and T-64 tanks, like the ones seen crossing Ukraine's borders, store their ammo inside and underneath the tank's turret. The missile is a fire-and-forget missile system using automatic infrared guidance, meaning operators can fire and quickly move for cover, relocate to another fighting position, or reload to fire again.27 This is unlike Javelins wire-guided predecessor, the M47 Dragon, which required operators to track the target until missile impact. daysight, night vision sight, eyepiece, test connector, and round interface connector. [citation needed] The Javelin filled a niche in US weapons systems against DShK heavy machine guns and B-10 recoilless riflesweapons like the AT4 and the M203 grenade launcher were powerful enough, but the ~300m range was insufficient. The Javelin is operated by an individual soldier or in crews of two or three. Developed as "Spiral 2". This is an autopilot. In 1994, low levels of production were authorized,[10] and the first Javelins were deployed with US Army units in 1996.[10]. HYDRA-70 Family of Rockets / MAULER. Orders take 32 months to deliver; the report concluded that it would take about three or four years to replace the missiles that have already been sent to Ukraine. The mobile system is used for all phases of Javelin qualification testing. ", "Will the US run out of Javelin anti-tank missiles to give Ukraine before Russia runs out of tanks? U.S. Army Redstone Arsenal website. It's one of war's most brutal weapons. It would not be the first time the weapon has been wielded, with reports stating it has been used in Libya, Iraq, Syria, Somalia, and Yemen. In the event that the launch motor malfunctions and the launch tube is overpressurizedfor example, if the rocket gets stuckthe Javelin missile includes a pressure release system to prevent the launcher from exploding. At these courses, the training program might be changed in small ways. Download files. km.). [10] This round utilizes an explosive shaped charge to create a stream of superplastically deformed metal formed from trumpet-shaped metallic liners. Its reload and reacquire time takes around one minute.25 It requires only 72 hours of classroom training to become a qualified operator. It has a qualified maximum range of 2,500, though the U.S. notes that it has demonstrated performance to 4,000 meters in most operational conditions.22, It flies at around 140 m/s and reaches max altitudes of 150 m and 50 m while in top attack and direct attack modes, respectively. There are three stages in the flight managed by the tracker: 1) an initial phase just after launch; 2) a mid-flight phase that lasts for most of the flight; and 3) a terminal phase in which the tracker selects the most effective point of impact. The tracker then uses algorithms to compare that region of the frame based on image, geometric, and movement data to the new image frames being sent from the seeker, similar to pattern recognition algorithms. APFSDS (bottom) used on Japan's Type-90 tanks. Even when not firing, the Javelin's CLU was commonly used as a man-portable surveillance system. These focussed shockwaves form that cop. The missile has a 5.56m length, 51.8cm diameter and a 2.67m wingspan. The maximum production rate is 6,480 a year, but it would likely take a year or more to reach that level. The long-range missile has been in . The tube has built-in electronics and a locking hinge system that makes attachment and detachment of the missile to and from the Command Launch Unit a quick and simple process. The FGM-148 Javelin is an American man-portable fire-and-forget anti-tank missile fielded to replace the M47 Dragon anti-tank missile in US service. The cool down time of the NVS is 2.5 to 3.5 minutes. ). The result is a narrow high velocity particle stream that can penetrate armor. Infrared crossover is the time at dawn and dusk that the terrain and the target are close enough in temperature to cause the target to blend in with its surroundings. While it is still lethal against tanks, the new warhead has a naturally fragmenting steel warhead case that doubles the effectiveness against personnel due to enhanced fragmentation. The direct attack mode is designed to engage fortified targets, bunkers, buildings, and helicopters. Stay Informed: The Latest News on Javelin According to CSIS, the US has used close to one-third of its Javelin missiles; 7,000 have been supplied thus far, with the United States buying Javelins at the rate of about 1,000 a year. In 1995, Secretary of Defense William Perry had set forth five new operational test initiatives. The FGM-148 Javelin is an American man-portable surface-to-air missile developed by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin. Next Generation Blast and Fragmenting Warheads. This explosion does not harm the vehicle's main armor, but causes steel panels to fly across the path of a HEAT round's narrow particle stream, disrupting its focus and leaving it unable to cut through the main armor. And Mark Cancian with the Center for Strategic and International Studies says the war in Ukraine has distinguished an American-made, shoulder-fired, precision-guided anti-tank missile - the Javelin. It also ensures that the product is ready for government acceptance. It is mainly used to scan areas in visible light during daylight operation. The psychological effect of the sound of a Javelin firing sometimes caused insurgents to disengage and flee their position. The Ukrainian military has used Javelin missiles extensively in combat during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, where the missile has shown to be highly effective against Russian main battle tanks and other armored vehicles. | Privacy Policy, Missile Defense Project, "FGM-148 Javelin,", Deterrence, Air Defense, and Munitions Production in a New Missile Age. The CLU components are a main housing, absorbers, handgrips, battery compartment, The UAE transfer of Javelin missiles violated a U.N. arms embargo on Libya, and likely violated the UAEs sales agreement with the United States. And I think the Javelin is close 100 at the outside of the radius, so Danger Close is relatively useless. The only requirement for maintenance is for stockpile surveillance. Initial versions had a range of 2,000m (6,600ft), later increased to 2,500m (8,200ft). Operators can select to use the weapon in top attack mode or direct attack mode. This page was last edited on 25 April 2023, at 19:22. Air blast radius (red - 20psi): The most intense air blast would have a radius of 4.75km and demolish heavily built concrete buildings in Giffnock and Cadder among other areas. The Javelin missile's tandem warhead is a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) type. By continuing to visit this site, you agree to our use of cookies. When employing the Javelin in the dismounted role, the soldier's load becomes important. [45], The Javelin Weapon System has been incrementally upgraded, resulting in a number of variants and production blocks. It is when in this view that information is passed from the CLU, through the connection electronics of the Launch Tube Assembly, and into the missile's guidance system. . With its soft launch design, Javelin can be safely fired from inside buildings or bunkers. In the case of a Javelin this is achieved using infrared technology, wherein the missile locks onto any heat signature . The test connector is used to perform direct support (DS) or higher-level maintenance and to interface with the FTT. The rotors of the helicopter may interfere with the sensors of the missile in the top-attack mode and result in erratic flight of the missile and a target miss. The FGM-148 Javelin is a man-portable, fire-and-forget antitank guided missile (ATGM) system with an effective range of 2.5 km. The CLU status indicators are fourteen icons that surround the CLU display. The CLU is also used as a stand-alone surveillance and target acquisition tool, or to supplement the superior LRAS and ITAS mounted surveillance systems.24 As previously mentioned, the Lightweight CLU will improve on multiple features. ERA boxes or tiles lying over a vehicle's main armor explode when struck by a warhead. Few areas in the inner city permit the gunner to fire much beyond the minimum arming distance. The Javelin surface-attack guided missile and launcher is a fire-and-forget, man-portable, medium antiarmor weapon consisting of a command launch unit (CLU) and a round. Before the Milestone III decision, and before fielding to 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment at Fort Benning (also Army Rangers, Special Forces, airborne, air assault, and light infantry), the Javelin was subjected to limited parts of the five operational test and evaluation initiatives, as well as a portability operational test program (an additional test phase of the so-called Product Verification Test),[18] which included live firings with the full-rate configuration weapon. The gunner uses the CLU's IR system to find and identify the target, then switches to the missile's independent IR system to set a track box around the target and establish a lock. With a total system weight of just under 50 pounds, the Javelin is heavy. The Javelin Missile: one of the most powerful missiles in the world!check out what other countries see when the U.S. army comes to town Direct attack flight path is designed to impact on the side (front, rear, flank) of the target. [44] On August 8, 2022, the US committed to sending an additional 1000 Javelin missiles. Results are also used to estimate the system's military readiness when it is introduced into service. The flight motor is ignited after a delay to allow sufficient clearance from the operator. General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems is a global aerospace and defense company. The icons give the gunner continuous feedback about the current missile readiness or possible system malfunctions, visible during day and night usage. To address this shortcoming without increasing recoil to an unacceptable level, the Javelin system uses a soft launch mechanism. The ESAF system enables the firing and arming process to proceed, while imposing a series of safety checks on the missile. The Javelin has a pretty huge blast radius. DT&E serves a critical purpose as it reduces the risks of hazards by testing selected high-risk components or subsystems. The JAGM currently uses a modified version of the Hellfire Romeo main charge warhead. The Javelin counters the advent of explosive reactive armor (ERA). The round consists of the missile environmentally sealed in the launch tube assembly (LTA) and the battery coolant unit (BCU). firings. This greatly increases the sensitivity of the thermal imaging capability since the temperature inside the sight is much lower than that of the objects it detects. The Javelin Environmental Test System (JETS) is a mobile test set for Javelin All-Up-Round (AUR) and the Command Launch Unit (CLU). . But the R9X can be used in more targeted attacks. [10] Its fire-and-forget design uses automatic infrared guidance that allows the user to seek cover immediately after launch, in contrast to wire-guided systems, like the system used by the Dragon, which require a user to guide the weapon throughout the engagement. ", "How St Javelin become the face of Ukraine resistance amid war? Javelin Heavy Assault Missile: 0.895 Fury Cruise Missile: 0.908 Rage Heavy Assault Missile: 0.920 Standup Missiles (all sizes) 0.944 Torpedo: 0.944 Javelin Torpedo: 0.967 Rage Torpedo: To protect the main charge from the explosive blast, shock, and debris caused by the impact of the missile's nose and the detonation of the precursor charge, a blast shield is used between the two charges. The Javelin is operated by an individual soldier or in crews of two or three. An image of Mary Magdalene holding an FGM-148, missile, dubbed St. The missile carries a single 8.4 kg tandem-charge, high-explosive antitank (HEAT) warhead. The seeker's cool-down time is about 10 seconds. The weight of the Javelin makes maneuvering slow over long distances. It is unclear if any of the captured launchers contained live rounds, or were simply tubes discarded after being used. This backblast can damage equipment or We use cookies to enhance your website experience. This makes them more flexible and able to perceive threats they would not otherwise be able to detect. The primary danger area is a 60 included sector, with the apex of the sector at the aft end of the missile [1], The Javelin had enough range, power, and accuracy for dismounted infantry to counter standoff engagement tactics employed by enemy weapons. The dual charge warhead penetrates typical urban targets. If enemy forces were inside a cave, a Javelin fired into the mouth of the cave would destroy it from the inside, which was not possible from the outside using heavy mortars. [31][32][33] The Pentagon claimed that of the first 112 Javelins fired by the Ukrainians since the start of the war, 100 missiles had hit their target. The exact flight path which takes into account the range to the target is calculated by the guidance unit. Back blast caution are 2. With guidance algorithms, the autopilot uses data from the seeker and tracker to determine when to transition the missile from one phase of flight to another. FGM-148C: 1999, probably the Javelin Enhanced Tandem Integration (JETI) modification. Using an arched top-attack profile, Javelin climbs above its target for improved visibility and then strikes where the armor is weakest. I've seen some people fire the Javelin into the pipe tunnel in Hardhat and kill someone at the opposite end of the tunnel, and in about the same area . The eyepiece allows the gunner to see the CLU display. A two-layered molybdenum liner is used for the precursor and a copper liner for the main warhead. The CLU weighs 6.4 kg and uses passive infrared guidance to fix and track targets. Caution Area 1 is an area extending radially (25 meters) from each side of the primary danger zone to the firing The backblast of the Javelin comes from the firing of the launch motor and the flight motor. What they didn't count on was the U.S. Air Force's most simple weapon ever: a tungsten rod that could hit a city with the explosive power of an intercontinental ballistic missile. The Javelin is maneuverable over short distances for the gunners. During limited visibility (natural or man-made), rain, snow, sleet, fog, haze, smoke, dust, and night are collectively referred to as limited visibility conditions. line. Gary's U.S. Infantry Weapons Reference Guide, Advanced Antitank Weapon System-Medium (AAWS-M), 14.16 lb (6.42 kg) - With battery, carrying bag, and cleaning kit, 13.71 x 19.65 x 13.34 in (348.2 x 499.1 x 338.8 mm), Lithium Sulfur Dioxide (LiSO2) BA-5590/U, nonrechargeable. Initially, soldiers perceived the weapon as unsuitable for COIN due to its destructive power, but trained gunners were able to make precision shots against enemy positions with little collateral damage. The Javelin MPWH provides enhanced fragmentation over legacy Javelin warheads while maintaining lethality against heavy armor targets. Per initiatives and as a DT&E function, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) and the Defense Department's Director of Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) became involved in three development test activities, including: 1) reviewing initial operational test and evaluation plans; 2) monitoring initial operational test and evaluation; and 3) structuring follow-on test and evaluation activities. The soft launch capability of the Javelin allows it to be fired from inside buildings and bunkers. Sure to last you a long time and be a reliable workhorse, your home . Copyright 2006 Gary W. Cooke Personnel should always wear the approved hearing and eye protection when positioned in Area 1. 2007 ARMY MISSILE PROCUREMENT, President's Budget. Corporate Headquarters:100 Carillon ParkwaySt. The Javelin's high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead can defeat modern tanks by top attack, hitting them from above, where their armor is thinnest, and is also useful against fortifications in a direct attack flight. Heavy damage to commercial buildings would extend to a radius of 3.2 miles (32 sq. The NVS uses the infrared naturally emitted from objects. The Javelin was designed in the 70s and 80s, when the leaders of the U.S. military had nightmares about being overrun by endless hordes of Soviet tanksa fear worsened by the generally poor. The warhead has a blast radius of 2 metres. The NUKEMAP is designed to show the effect of a nuclear detonation in any given location across the globe. There are also smaller training programs set up on most army bases that instruct soldiers on the proper use of the system. capability to defeat armored forces during the day, at night, and during limited visibility conditions. To the best of my knowledge all military data and images presented in these pages are UNCLASSIFIED, NON-SENSITIVE, and approved for public release. The FGM-148 Javelin, or Advanced Anti-Tank Weapon System-Medium (AAWS-M), is an American-made portable man-portable anti-tank system in service since 1996, and continuously upgraded. ", "Who Is St. Javelin and Why Is She a Symbol of the War in Ukraine? Penetration, however, does not mean a concurrent destruction of the structural integrity of a position. The soft launch capability enables the gunner to fire from inside buildings because there is little overpressure or flying debris. Although they are antitank (AT) landmines, they can be converted for use against personnel by replacing the fuzes shearwire with a lighter one. Heavy fog reduces the capability of the gunner to detect and engage targets. If there is little difference in the amount of infrared energy between a target and its background, then neither the Javelin CLU nor the missile seeker can see the target well, thus greatly degrading the performance of the Javelin. The missile is currently in service with the US Forces and has been combat-tested in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Pike is a laser-guided, American-made weapon, only 16.8 inches long, and weighing a mere 1.7 pounds, appropriately advertised by the manufacturer as, "The world's only hand-launched, precision-guided munition.". Javelin: Supporting Those on the Battlefield Around the World, Lockheed Martin Capabilities Support Deterrence and Strengthen International Partnerships. Right now, you can buy the Brother MFC-J6555DW All-in-One Inkjet printer for $280 saving you $50 off the regular price of $330. Javelin was developed and produced for the U.S. Army and Marine Corps by the Javelin Joint Venture between Lockheed Martin in Orlando, Florida and Raytheon in Tucson, Arizona. Seeker cool down takes about 10 seconds. [4], During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NATO provided thousands of Javelins to Ukraine, where they proved highly effective. affected by the activation of the FM pressure relief system. A General Dynamics Company. The US relied on them in its attempts to eliminate al-Qaida in the mountains in Afghanistan. To fire, the gunner places a cursor over the selected target. The Javelin uses two shaped-charge warheads in tandem. This area is Program Aims to Keep Sensitive Weapons in Ukraine", "Russia Shows Off "Trophies", Says Foreign-Made Weapons Seized", "Russia flew 140m in cash and captured Western weapons to Iran in return for deadly drones, source claims", "Will the United States Run Out of Javelins Before Russia Runs Out of Tanks? The third field of view is a 12 thermal sight used to better identify the target vehicle. In April 1991, the first test-flight of the Javelin succeeded, and in March 1993, the first test-firing from the launcher succeeded. ", "US approves sale to Poland of 180 Javelin guided missiles", "Poland Javelin Missile and Command Launch Unit", "FMS: Qatar Requests Sales of 500 Javelin Anti-Tank Missile Rounds and 50 Launch Units", "$23.9B in Deals Announced on Last Day of DIMDEX", "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia JAVELIN Missiles | The Official Home of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency", "Taiwan Agrees to Purchase Raytheon-Lockheed Martin Javelin Anti-tank Weapon System", "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States JAVELIN Guided Missile Systems", "New Shoulder-Launched Missile Enters Service Four Months Early", "Javelin Medium Range Anti-tank Guided Weapon", "U.S. Army Awards Contracts for Javelin Anti-Tank Weapon Systems", "E konfirmon edhe Peleshi: Shqipria do t armatoset me antitankun m t mir n bot", "Brazil Javelin Missiles | Defense Security Cooperation Agency", "Lockheed-Raytheon JV wins $309 mln Javelin missile contract from U.S. army", "India to order large number of Javelin anti-tank missiles from US", "Israel pips US in anti-tank guided missile supply to India", "Too Early To Assess Indo-US Defense Ties", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FGM-148_Javelin&oldid=1151710642, US$216,717 (G-model missile only, FY2021). It consists of a map in which users can select a location and model the local impacts of . Due to the sensitivity this causes, the gunner is able to "focus" the CLU to show a detailed image of the area being viewed by showing temperature differences of only a few degrees. [8], Javelin is a fire-and-forget missile with lock-on before launch and automatic self-guidance. The missile production rate could be increased greatly with a national procurement effort. The Army expects to lower LWCLU unit costs in future years.33, U.S. and allied forces used Javelin extensively during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. FGM-148B: Unclear. ESAF cues the launch motor after the trigger is pulled. Soldiers or Marines can reposition immediately after firing, or reload to engage another threat. FGM-148E: Replaced electronic components in the control actuator section of the missile for cost and weight savings. [citation needed]. The Javelin should be in the direct-fire mode when engaging helicopters. The Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) system is intended to be a future replacement for the BGM-71, TOW, AGM-114 and AGM-65 Maverick Missiles. [1], During the al-Shaddadi offensive of the Syrian Civil War in February 2016, a Javelin was used to blow up an attacking suicide car bomb.[28]. Why is she going viral amid Russia-Ukraine war? While the Javelins penetration capabilities are classified, U.S. military training documents note the Javelin penetrates all known armor, well in excess of 30 inches [762 mm] of rolled homogenous steel.23. When they detonate their shape focusses the shockwaves forwards where the charge has a conical copper liner. The missile is ejected from the launcher to a safe distance from the operator before the main rocket motors ignite a "soft launch arrangement". Production started in 2017. To function effectively, the FPA must be cooled and calibrated. The Javelin is primarily used to defeat main battle tanks and other armored combat vehicles. In other applications, a CLU's IR detectors are cooled using a Dewar flask and a closed-cycle Stirling engine, but there is insufficient space in the missile for a similar solution. It is one of the earliest weapons donated in large numbers to Ukraine by NATO countries and remains one of the most powerful and versatile weapons available to Ukrainian fighters. Javelini i Patrije, te povratak tajnosti", "Expert Infantry Badge and Expert Soldier Badge training in Poland", The Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic, "Czech Republic to buy Javelin ATGWs | IHS Jane's 360", "Eesti saab Javelini tankitrjessteemid jrgmisel aastal", "France Orders Anti-Tank Missile from MBDA", "The U.S. Congress approved the sale of the Georgia anti-tank systems "javelin", "Georgia Receives All Javelin Missile Systems", "US Approves Javelin Missile Sale to Georgia in Deal Worth $30 Million", "FGM-148 Javelin Block I: Fire and Forget Dengan Pemandu Infra Red", "Jordan to buy Javelin anti-tank missiles from USA of worth $388 million", "Raytheon/Lockheed secure contract for foreign Javelin missile sales", "Lockheed-Raytheon JV Awarded $134M to Supply 3 FMS Clients With Javelin Equipment", "Lithuania-Javelin Missiles and Command Launch Units", "Should Russia's new Armata T-14 tanks worry Nato? Through the eyepiece, the gunner sees the DAY FOV, WFOV, NFOV, seeker FOV, and the status indicators. [16] This makes it harder to identify the launcher, though backblast from the launch tube still poses a hazard to nearby personnel. [24][21] The Javelin F-model was planned to begin deliveries in early 2020;[8] the improved missile design, along with new lighter CLU with an improved target tracker,[dubious discuss] entered production in May 2020.[25]. "Typically, if you see a turret off a tank, that is because of . By comparing the individual frames, the tracker determines the need to correct so as to keep the missile on target. The flight path of the missile is restricted in wooded, mountainous, and urban terrain. The Javelin round is bulky and restricts movement in heavily wooded or vegetative terrain. It is from this view that the gunner focuses the image and determines the area that gives the best heat signature on which to lock the missile. Petersburg, FL 33716Main Number: (727) 578-8100. FGM-148F: Fitted with a multi-purpose warhead (MPWH). These signals are sent to the CLU display by way of the signal processor to provide the gunner a picture of the target area. The Poseidon underwater drone - also known as Status-6 and in the United States as "Kanyon" - is basically a very large, nuclear-powered autonomous torpedo armed with a nuclear warhead. 2022 Army budget submission, the Army has purchased 32,142 rounds for an average unit cost of $107,500. The primary danger area radius of curvature is 25 meters. The system is basically an autopilot. While making the warhead smaller, this change makes it more effective, leaving more room for propellant for the main rocket motor, and thus increasing the missile's range. These are metallic blast landmines which use pressure-initiated fuzes. MIRV . April 6/23: JAGM The US Army has awarded Lockheed Martin a $439-million contract to produce and deliver the Joint-Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) and Hellfire missile.Lockheed will produce the missiles for the army and Australia, the Czech Republic, France, South Korea, and Thailand. FM 3-22.37 Javelin Medium Antiarmor Weapon System. For instance, a 10-kiloton nuclear weapon, equivalent to the size of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs, would immediately kill about 50%t of the people within a 2-mile (3.2 km) radius of ground . [10] It is integrated on a variety of ground, aviation, and maritime platforms, providing a stand-off capability to strike distant and/or . The resulting blast is second only to a nuclear bomb. Hearing impairment and eye damage could occur to personnel that are 10 meters beyond the The firing team may move as soon as the "fire-and-forget" missile has been launched, or immediately prepare to fire on their next target.[14].
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