As would later be revealed, Carrillo Fuentes even had Mexico's law enforcement drug czar, Gutierrez Rebollo, in his pocket. THE MEXICAN DRUG CARTELS TODAY While there is little hard data and many conflicting "authoritative" estimates, it appears that as much as 90 percent of the cocaine, 80 percent of the foreign-grown marijuana, 70 percent of the heroin, and 80 percent of the raw methamphetamine ingredients consumed in the United States enters by land from Mexico. If you want to know more about how Post Codes are determined in Mexico, the first two postal digits of Los Herrera ("34") correspond to the state code of Durango, and the last three correspond to the people themselves. When Fuentes passed away, the cartel probably had $25 billion in assets hidden away. Interestingly, Prevoisin readily admits to having withdrawn millions of dollars from AeroMexico accounts, but claims he did so as ordered by then President Carols Salinas, who instructed Prevoisin to "donate" the funds to the PRI party's 1994 election campaign (AFP, 9/24/99). In the face of this pending crisis, Mexico will soon receive a $23.7 billion financial aid package from the IMF, the World Bank, the U.S. Eximbank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the U.S. Federal Reserve and the Central Bank of Canada. There is nothing particularly sacrosanct regarding representative, checks and balances democracy. Five years ago, at a United Nations conference in Naples, participants were warned that if coordinated law enforcement actions were not swiftly undertaken at the international level, the world community would become a slave to organized crime, for the syndicates would be able to control economic conditions worldwide (United Nations, 1995). The United States and then President Zedillo both backed off from their hard-line approach out of a fear that such a policy would continue to disrupt the social-economic fabric of Mexicans daily life, have an adverse effect on Mexico's international fiscal position, and most notably, have an adverse effect on Mexico's ability to pay its foreign debt, including the $20 billion owed to the United States (Reuters, 5/7/97). It is being carried out in coordination with the federal Attorney General's Office and other government agencies. Los Herrera are still in Durango y siguen agarrados de los chongos con los Barrera. Moore, Molly and John W. Anderson, "Drug trade called greatest threat to Mexico: Zedillo blames high U.S. demand, vows to combat traffickers," Washington Post, 10/23/96, p. 1. Numerous case studies provide support for this mistrust. They arent involved like before but im sure if they need to pull some strings they can. 34-36. In Mexico, the same ZIP code can be assigned to several towns. This grand alliance was the first of its kind in the history of modern Mexico, and it toppled a long-reigning government. As a response to this changing market, the cartels will need to both diversify, and get involved in other markets. IMPACT OF THE DRUG TRADE ON THE MEXICAN AND AMERICAN ECONOMIES The drug trade and the narco-dollars it generates is an integral aspect of virtually aspect of the Mexican economy, from the boardrooms and halls of government to the common farmers and slum dwelling "mules." I was not trying to cover all the cartel groups in Durango or Comarca Lagunera. If the eradication of the cartels is the goal, our interdiction efforts can be classified as an utter failure. Los Herreras is at 281 meters above sea level and is located in the east-central part of the state. Auto theft fell about 20 percent in 1997 due to these efforts. For the past 70 years, the country has been ruled by a quasi-elected President who serves one, six-year term, and a two house legislative body. El 02 and El 03 are said to be direct reports under El Mayo and his successor, Mayito Flaco. Since 1990, the number of United States attorneys in the region has gone up 80 percent; the budget for the United States Customs Service has increased by 72 percent since 1993 (McCaffrey, 1997). This example of international law enforcement cooperation sets a standard that should be adopted across the entire southwestern border. Marighella, Carlos, The Terrorist Classic: Manual of the Urban Guerrilla (trans. By moving into the drug trade in their own country, the cartels will run the risk of turning their own people against them. #caballos #ganado #coleadera #durango #santiago #santiagopapasquiaro. On April 1, 1997, a new and much tougher immigration law went into effect - that date has been called "Black Tuesday" in Mexico (Reuters, 4/17/97), and it has had long repercussions for many, many Mexican families. Map. AFP, "Mexico rejects US extradition request for drug kingpin," 5/21/99, internet. American aid has poured into that beleaguered nation to the tune of $250 million this year, ranking it third behind Egypt and Israel. In the past five years there have been five very public murders in which the organized crime interests have most certainly played a role, and they are of particular note. The capital, Mexico City, lays claim to being the largest city in the world. It appears as if the cartel leaders, even those who are not in partnership with the Mexican leadership, are willing to play along with the certification game, to give themselves up from time to time for a token arrest, and to let a small cache of their drugs be publicly "captured" and burned to achieve a positive public relations effect. Three American Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) inspectors in the San Diego area have been convicted or brought to trial on charges of conspiracy and taking bribes. In September of 1994, PRI heir-apparent Jose Francisco Massieu was assassinated. In July 2016, Mayor Enrquez Herrera summoned a number of politicians and government officials from the PAN, PRI and Movimiento Ciudadano political parties to a work meeting at the aforementioned Hospital de Especialidades. The fact that the American cocaine market is experiencing a sharp decline is certainly complicating matters. In the last year of his presidency, Clinton requested an additional $500 million for drug interdiction efforts, including the funding of 1,000 additional DEA agents to specifically be placed along the Mexican border (UPI, 2/6/98). Her testimony about the meeting is likely a major reason why the Army chose to investigate Mayor Enrquez Herrera years later, in 2020. Sicarios scream: We are the absolute Cartel Jalisco! Shaffer, Edward, "Mexico's internal state conflict over the war on drugs," Criminal Organizations, Summer 1996, pp. The United States had never formally accepted the fact that American consumption of drugs was the main problem until March of 1998. market, dam thats alot. the service of Sinaloa cartel, Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman and Ismael Reuters, "Texas auto thieves team up with Mexico drug cartel," 1/6/98, internet. Los Herrera is at 1,696 meters of altitude. Crescencio Sandoval said that The group has expanded rapidly across Mexico and is now one of the country's most dominant . William Rodriguez, son of Miguel, was chosen to run the Cartel. One estimate places over 1,000 Herrera family cocaine and heroin dealers in the United States (AFP, 12/6/97). But he has not limited his focus to the northern border alone. Then he made alliance with the Pacific Cartel, from a American law enforcement agents have been strictly forbidden from carrying/using firearms in Mexico. Anxious to make the sale and knowing that the money orders are legitimate (ie., the dealership will get its money), the financial paper is accepted and the car is sold. Is that due to the fact that all of the candidates were on the take or was this a relatively clean election? Are the Mexican people, with a paternalistic-aristocratic political tradition that pre-dates the Spanish, truly ready to handle the increased responsibility of a viable two party/multi-party political system? The Gulf Cartel is based in south Texas (Brownsville and Laredo) and northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas) and controls the gulf region, as its name implies. AFP, "Mexicans drug-taking on the rise, cocaine favored over marijuana," 7/4/99, internet. Remnants of this group are still functioning, but it is not anywhere near as powerful today as it was seven years ago. Herrera-Nevares was the patriarch of a huge criminal syndicate based in the La fiscal, Sonia Yadira d la garza Fragoso, ? The firearm issue has been of particular concern. United Nations, "The world ministerial conference on organized transnational crime," Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, November 1995, 24 pp. makes a final decision and passes the matter on to Congress before March 1. Again, the September 1999 arrests by U.S. officials of 93 Juarez cartel associates mentioned previously, along with the loss of drug supplies and millions in currency will surely serve to weaken the Juarez cartel and further strengthen the Gulf Cartel and The Federation. Harvey, Neil, Rebellion in Chiapas. Finally, in early 1998, Mexican and American officials began working out the first ever bi-national drug control strategy (Reuters, 2/6/98). In its 1998 annual report to Congress on human rights, the White House noted that "corruption is rife within the ranks of Mexico's police and members of the security forces" (UPI, 1/30/98). Only recently has there been even a crack in PRI dominance. Armando corral (head of Herrera clan and brother of poncho. Here is part of a clip you can find if you google Jaime Herrera-Nevares. In September of 1999, the Mexican Congress asked the Mexican Supreme Court to intervene and force Zedillo to reveal the exact nature of his relationship with Carlos Peniche. 4. While there are growing opposition voices calling for the removal of this traditional executive privilege and for the development of a legitimate multi-party system, at this writing Mexico can still be classified as a de-facto one-party system; a party-state system, with its accompanying twin - institutionalized corruption (Paternostro, 1995; UPI, 1/30/98). In the beginning, the Colombians would pay the Mexican groups as much as $1,000/kilo to smuggle cocaine into the United States. The soldiers arrived at the residential neighborhood of Cortijo, inside three helicopters and a convoy of vehicles. AFP, "Mexicans want next president to come from the opposition: survey," 9/1/99, internet. With significant effort, the coalition hammered out a seven-point political platform, though many of those points have remained vaguely defined. Emerging on the scene in early 1994, some 150 people were killed in confrontations between the EZLN and government troops. The matter became all the more politically charged when it was revealed several months ago that a significant portion of the delinquent loans that will now be paid off with tax dollars were campaign donations to the PRI (Associated Press, 9/1/99). AFP, "190 Mexican died while trying to cross into US this year," 9/9/99, internet. Reuters, "Eight killed in Mexico drug war," 1/12/98, internet. for chemical input costs and paying the salaries of the workers who produced Originally designed to prevent wars and unsavory politics between rivals, the rule has outlasted its usefulness and has now become a major obstacle to effective drug enforcement efforts. The matter has greatly irritated many Third World nations upon which the United States government continues to pass unilateral judgement. AFP, "More than 350 Mexicans died trying to enter US illegally in 2000." Reuters, "Fifth Mexican general jailed on drug charges," 1/23/98, internet. Another market of interest to the cartels involves stolen vehicles. The current mayor of Mexico City, for example, is from an opposition party. Then, literally out of the blue, in late 1994 and early 1995, the Mexican peso was devaluated and Mexico faced a huge international financial crisis. In 1963, the much loved Mexican President Lopez Mateos instituted measures that permitted new voices to enter the Chamber of Deputies. neighborhood currency exchanges to send money orders back to Durango. The matter has become more convoluted due to the recent emergence of a powerful right-wing entity, the Self-Defense Force. Mexican Once everything that has to be done in the domicile where this activity took place is concluded, the detainee will be transferred to the facilities of the federal Attorney General's Office [in Mexico City].. Reuters, "U.S., Mexico unveil join plan to fight drug trade," 2/6/98, internet. wasn't his dad hard line against any use. The key component in any battle against organized crime is the collective political will of the people. Ramn Eduardo Pequeo said it is known that the detainee had differences , Sinaloa, by the Army. This arrangement brought the Mexican cartels wealth, but little power or control of the drug trafficking market. Among his criminal Sinaloa drug cartel run by Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman. He has also openly challenged the United States and Canada to spend up to $30 billion annually to close the "development gap" with Mexico so as to realize an economic convergence between the three nations. This murder greatly unsettled the Mexican people. G1 would go on to help, according to the documents, finance Enrquez Herreras future political campaigns including his run for mayor of Durango City, which he lost in 2013, but later won in 2016. AFP, "Mexican opposition, ruling party running neck-and-neck: poll," 8/30/99, internet. THE MEXICAN POLITICAL SCENE: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE As has been noted, Mexico has been governed by one political party, the PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional or Institutional Revolutionary Party), for 70 years. BACKGROUND The United Mexican States (EUM) consists of 31 states and a federal district. Welcome to the Las Herreras google satellite map! Morris, S., Corruption and Politics in Contemporary Mexico, Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1991. The Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) operates in Mexico City and 27 states, and is the dominant criminal organization in six states, according to a report by the United States Congressional . AFP, "Mexican government announces new anti-drug strategy," 2/4/99, internet. Farah, Douglas, "Mexico banks charged in drug crimes," Washington Post, May 19, 1998, p. A-1. He has continued to push this "NAFTA-plus" notion and the need to create a North American common market, and gives every indication that he intends to continue pursing this goal (Associated Press, 11/27/00). They are increasingly recruiting police and military personnel for their expertise and intelligence (UPI, 5/13/97). Christian Science Monitor, "End of a Mexican institution? POST SCRIPT There has been, I would argue, five stages of sovereignty in the western world over the past millennium. LaFranchi, Howard, "Keeping Mexican Migrants Safer," Latinos Unidos, Julio 2000, p. 2. The family has in essence established a vertical monopoly in the areas of production and distribution. The Juarez Cartel is now paying El Paso gangs in drugs and weapons for stolen vehicles. It also has access to large vehicles that can easily move large quantities of the bulky weed. At around 7:00 am on Friday, January 20, 2023, Crescencio Sandoval, the head of the Army announced that an operation to capture an important Sinaloa Cartel - Los Cabreras figure was currently being carried out in Durango. AFP, "President Zedillo and Governor Bush open an international bridge," 9/3/99, internet. Of the six major politicians who initially indicated their intention to run for the office in 2000, the former Interior Secretary Francisco Labastida was widely seen as President Zedillo's favorite. Al Lowe, head of the El Paso County Auto Theft Task Force has indicated, "One of the biggest problems in this region is the proliferation of these auto theft rings associated with narco-traffickers" (Reuters, 1/6/98). Benjamin, Jody A., "Human-smuggling ring interrupted," Lincoln Journal/Star, 10/18/00, p.3. Members of this syndicate are generally all tied by blood and/or marriage, and as a result, the group has been almost impossible to infiltrate. Carlos Hank Rhon has also been associated with Raul Salinas, the former president's brother, who was himself linked to drug trafficking and was ultimately convicted of the murder of one of his brother's political rivals. son I Ruperto RR. In turn, parliaments, then the people, and today, I would suggest, multi-national corporations have taken their turn as the sovereigns of primary power. This allows the Mexican government to continue to play the plausible deniability game, and to placate the United States political leadership for a season. Ballesteros worked with both the Colombian Medellin Cartel and Mexican smugglers. Despite American law enforcement undertakings through the mid-1990s, the Mexican cartels managed to consolidate their power bases, gained some control over the media, co-opted government officials at every level on a wholesale basis, and even killed a number of local and national government leaders. with the cartel of the Arellano Felix in 2001 for having used the the transfer Edelbacher, Max, "Organized crime in Europe," Paper presented at the 1998 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Meetings, Albuquerque, March 1998. Colombia on the other hand, currently has a relatively weak cartel presence, but an overwhelmingly powerful terrorist presence. Setting up an undercover laundering operation in Los Angeles in 1995, U.S. agents handled more than $100 million and arrested 168 people, including representatives from three Mexican banks. Some ten years ago, a special Mexican border police force, Grupo Beta, was created. Wren, Christopher S., "Mexican role in cocaine is exposed in U.S. seizure," New York Times, 5/3/96, p. C19. AFP, "Congress members slam U.S. decision to certify Mexico's anti-drug efforts," 2/26/98, internet. Now let's see if he can control it." In the past few years, major inroads by opposition parties led to the presidential victory of opposition party leader Vicente Fox, ending a 71 year political monopoly of the PRI. Jorge Hank Rhon, the younger of the two sons, lives in the northern border town of Tijuana and is a close associate of the Felix-Arellano brothers, the leaders of The Federation. And This UPDATE from Mexico-Translated by Havana: The Federal Police it isn't hard to make meth. States each year. Most of the Original cartel de durango guys are retired or dead.. most herreras sided with cartel de juarez in the 2000s and got kicked out by CDS around 2011. It's the latest This highlights the ability of these powerful cartels to recruit whoever they want. In September of 1994, 16 officers of the National Institute for Combating Drugs were arrested for accepting bribes for overlooking cocaine shipments. As far back as 1957, the Herrera organization ran a farm-to-the-arm heroin operation that cultivated opium poppy plants, processed and packaged heroin in Mexico, and transported it to Chicago. This group was extremely difficult to penetrate because family members Echoing much the same sentiment, Samuelson (1999) has argued that we in America cannot "refashion the rest of the world in our image," and that it is the height of arrogance to suggest otherwise. This arrangement did not last long, and a number of meetings were held between Mexican and Colombian cartel leaders in the early 1980s, shortly after the connection was made. The Hank Corporation, known as "Guapo Hank", has purchased or maintained control over several American banks, investment firms, transportation companies and real estate properties, and is involved in the gambling industry. There is some precedent for this - the European community, for example, has seen some success in its multi-national cooperative law enforcement efforts as they have taken on the Italian mafia(Edelbacher, 1998). The Mexicans began by-passing the Colombians and going directly to Bolivian and Peruvian suppliers during the summer of 1997. This gentler approach suggests the need to reduce the emphasis on profits, to retreat from the market culture ideology, to redistribute income, to provide more economic opportunities for the poor, and to adjust macro social values, ie. In November of 1991, for example, a United States Customs Service plane trailing a Mexican police plane in pursuit of a plane transporting drugs recorded an extraordinary scene using long range infrared video equipment. Recent reports out of Colombia suggest a plan to re-establish control of the supply lines and to subsequently divide the supply of drugs between Mexico and Puerto Rico, thus forcing the Puerto Rican and Mexican cartels to compete with each other in a classic divide and conquer scheme, leaving the Colombians in a position of dominance. Pequeo, the amount of the drug to be introduced would reach more than two The United States and Mexico have entered into a number of so-called side agreements with respect to NAFTA. The town of Los Herrera is located at 15.6 kilometers from Santiago Papasquiaro, which is the most populated locality in the municipality, in the Southwest direction. It seemed he had turned the local police into his own private army. Or don't you like it much? For example, cooperative ventures are now underway between the Juarez Police Department and the El Paso Police Department to respond to the stolen vehicle trade between these two cities. This fucking meth head has NOTHING to do with the Herrera Family from Durango. United States officials uncovered the magnitude of the meth trade in 1994 simply by chance. One of the results of Operation Casablanca, a U.S. government undercover operation undertaken in the late 1990s, was the acquisition of several tapes, one of which featured then Mexican Secretary of Defense Enrique Cervantes seeking ways to launder $150 billion. The Mexican people, as well as the Mexican government, corporate and civic institutions all operate with a deeply imbedded paternalistic-aristocratic political culture that pre-dates the Spanish. Open hostilities abated by 1920, but the new decade saw extreme political turmoil, intrigue, and occasional assassination. Its credibility all but destroyed. They may in fact be adhering to the tactical terrorist philosophies of Frantz Fanon (1982) and Carlos Marighella (1985), a philosophy that proved successful in the overthrow of Cuba some 40 years ago.
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